What is topaz?
By Jared James · Last updated 21 May 2026
Definition
Topaz is a silicate mineral and a hard, brilliant gemstone rated 8 on the Mohs scale. In its pure form it is actually colourless, with colours coming from impurities and structural variations; the most prized natural colour is imperial topaz, a warm orange with pink or golden overtones found mainly in Brazil. Most blue topaz in the market has been irradiated and heat-treated to develop its colour, while natural blue is rare. Topaz is one of the birthstones for November, sharing the month with citrine.
Frequently asked questions
- What are the different colours of topaz?
- Topaz comes in colourless, yellow, orange, pink, red, brown and blue, as well as mystic topaz, which is a colourless stone coated to show rainbow iridescence. Imperial topaz in a rich orange-yellow or orange-pink is the most valuable natural variety. Most blue topaz has been treated to achieve its colour, as natural blue is uncommon.
- Is blue topaz naturally blue?
- Rarely. The vast majority of blue topaz sold in jewellery has been irradiated and heat-treated, which is an accepted and permanent treatment. The three main treated blue grades are Sky Blue, Swiss Blue and London Blue, with London Blue being the deepest and most saturated. Natural blue topaz exists but is quite rare.
- Is topaz the same as citrine?
- No, they are completely different minerals, though yellow topaz and citrine can look similar. Citrine is a yellow variety of quartz, while topaz is a silicate of aluminium and fluorine. Because yellow citrine is more affordable and widely available, it is sometimes sold as topaz, which is misleading; a genuine topaz is a different and harder stone.
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